Molecular phylogenetic position of Minamitalitrus zoltani elucidates a further troglobisation pattern in cave-dwelling terrestrial amphipods (Crustacea: Talitridae)

Talitrids is a very diverse group of amphipod crustaceans that have been colonized by a variety of terrestrial habitats. Three genera have been successfully adapted to cave habitats on islands in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. However, the evolutionary origin of the Pacific talitrids troglobitic remain unknown. We estimate the phylogenetic position of Minamitalitrus zoltani troglobitic, which inhabits limestone cave in Minamidaito Island in the Northwestern Pacific, on the basis of the traditional multi-locus datasets. For talitrids analyzed, we also reconstruct the ancestral homeland of palp maxilliped and gnathopod male 2.

Our results show that Minamitalitrus zoltani is sister to curvatus Nipponorchestia epigean with profound differences. Nipponorchestia curvatus inhabit coastal habitats in Japan, but it is not customary for Minamidaito Island. Previous research estimates that the Atlantic troglobitic species have invaded the underground habitat several times, but we provide new insights into the history troglobisation in talitrids. We also recover secondary shift state palp character maxilliped and men gnathopod 2 in the lineage consists of Minamitalitrus and genera phylogenetically closely.

Our findings highlight the need for reclassification genus-the genus level; Nipponorchestia we split into two genera, establish a new genus for Nipponorchestia nudiramus. A phylogenetic analysis of genera of strongyloid Cloacininae sub-family of marsupials macropodoid in Australasia is based on morphological characteristics and sequence analysis continued (+ ITS) first (ITS-1) and second (ITS-2) internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA. Both approaches are provided robust phylogeny, but the similarities between the two methods in terms of generic grouping suggests that needed substantial revision of the classification phenetic this time, with some morphological characteristics of the current key used for defining genera and tribes prove to be homoplasious.

Molecular phylogenetic, population genetic and demographic studies and Nodularia Nodularia douglasiae breviconcha based CO1 and 16S rRNA

freshwater mussels belonging to the genus Nodularia (Family Unionidae) is known to be widely distributed in East Asia. Although phylogenetic and population genetic studies have been conducted on this species, remains unresolved questions in the taxonomic status and biogeographic distribution channels. Here, the nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA CO1 and a newly defined than 86 N. douglasiae and 83 individuals N. breviconcha collected on the Korean Peninsula.

Based on these data, we revealed the following results: (1) N. douglasiae can be divided into three genetic clades A (found only on the Korean Peninsula), B (widely distributed in East Asia), and C (found only in western China and Russian), (2) a clade A is not an independent species but concrete member N. douglasiae given the lack of genetic differences between clades A and B, and (3) N. breviconcha not subspecies N. douglasiae but independent species apart from N. douglasiae. In addition, we suggest plausible scenario events biogeographic distribution and demographic history Nodularia species.

molecular phylogenetics of Lotus (Leguminosae) with an emphasis in tempo and pattern of colonization in the region Macaronesian

With a wide variety of distribution including Europe and Asia, Lotus (Leguminosae) is the largest genus in Loteae. This is especially diverse in the Mediterreanean and the five islands of Macaronesia (the Atlantic Ocean). However, little is known about the relationship between section 14 currently recognized in the Lotus and about the timing and pattern of colonization in the Macaronesian region. In this study, we used the four regions of DNA (ribosomal nuclear ITS plus three regions plastid) in sampling comprehensively most species Lotus to date (some endemic species in the Canary Islands which are under-represented in the phylogenetic analysis before) to infer relationships within this genus and for establishing patterns of colonization in Macaronesia.

Divergence time estimates and habitat reconstruction analysis showed that Lotus possibility diverged about 7.86 Ma of the sister group, but all the events of colonization to occur Macaronesia recently (starting from the latter 0.23 to 2.70 Ma). Diversification Lotus in Macaronesia involved between four and six independent colonization events of the four sections is currently distributed in Africa and Europe.

rno-let-7c-5p Primers
MPR00312	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7c miRNA Antagomir
MNH01007	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7c miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01007	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

mmu-let-7c-1-3p Primers
MPM00739	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7c-2-3p Primers
MPM00740	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

rno-let-7c-1-3p Primers
MPR00310	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

rno-let-7c-2-3p Primers
MPR00311	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7c-3p miRNA Antagomir
MNH01008	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7c-5p miRNA Antagomir
MNH01009	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7c-3p miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01008	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7c-5p miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01009	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7a Primers
MPH01006	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-let-7b Primers
MPH01007	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-let-7d Primers
MPH01009	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-let-7e Primers
MPH01010	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-let-7f Primers
MPH01011	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-let-7g Primers
MPH01012	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-let-7i Primers
MPH01013	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-let-7c RT-PCR Detection Kit
20-abx096017	Abbexa	EUR 644.40 EUR 878.40 EUR 477.60	100 rxns 200 rxns 50 rxns

hsa-let-7c RT-PCR Primer Set
abx096771-1nmol	Abbexa	1 nmol	EUR 343.2

hsa-let-7a-3p Primers
MPH02041	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-let-7a-5p Primers
MPH02042	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-let-7b-3p Primers
MPH02043	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-let-7b-5p Primers
MPH02044	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-let-7d-3p Primers
MPH02047	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-let-7d-5p Primers
MPH02048	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-let-7e-3p Primers
MPH02049	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-let-7e-5p Primers
MPH02050	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-let-7f-5p Primers
MPH02053	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-let-7g-3p Primers
MPH02054	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-let-7g-5p Primers
MPH02055	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-let-7i-3p Primers
MPH02056	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-let-7i-5p Primers
MPH02057	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-let-7a-2-3p Primers
MPH03980	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-let-7f-1-3p Primers
MPH02051	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-let-7f-2-3p Primers
MPH02052	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

rno-let-7c miRNA Antagomir
MNR01007	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

rno-let-7c miRNA Inhibitor
MIR01007	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

mmu-let-7c miRNA Antagomir
MNM01007	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

mmu-let-7c miRNA Inhibitor
MIM01007	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7c RT-PCR Detection and U6 Calibration Kit
20-abx096394	Abbexa	EUR 828.00 EUR 1144.80 EUR 594.00	100 rxns 200 rxns 50 rxns

rno-let-7c-5p miRNA Antagomir
MNR01010	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

rno-let-7c-5p miRNA Inhibitor
MIR01010	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

mmu-let-7c-5p miRNA Antagomir
MNM01010	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

mmu-let-7c-5p miRNA Inhibitor
MIM01010	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

rno-let-7c-1-3p miRNA Antagomir
MNR01008	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

rno-let-7c-2-3p miRNA Antagomir
MNR01009	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

rno-let-7c-1-3p miRNA Inhibitor
MIR01008	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

rno-let-7c-2-3p miRNA Inhibitor
MIR01009	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

mmu-let-7c-1-3p miRNA Antagomir
MNM01008	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

mmu-let-7c-2-3p miRNA Antagomir
MNM01009	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

mmu-let-7c-1-3p miRNA Inhibitor
MIM01008	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

mmu-let-7c-2-3p miRNA Inhibitor
MIM01009	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

Human pre-microRNA Expression Construct let-7c
PMIRHlet7cPA-1	SBI	Bacterial Streak	EUR 820.8

rno-let-7d Primers
MP-r00007	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

rno-let-7a Primers
MP-r00033	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

rno-let-7b Primers
MP-r00034	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

rno-let-7e Primers
MP-r00036	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

rno-let-7f Primers
MP-r00037	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

rno-let-7i Primers
MP-r00038	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

mmu-let-7a Primers
MPM00007	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7b Primers
MPM00008	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7d Primers
MPM00010	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7e Primers
MPM00011	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7f Primers
MPM00012	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7g Primers
MPM00013	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7i Primers
MPM00014	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7j Primers
MPM00753	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7k Primers
MPM00754	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7a-5p Primers
MPM00736	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7b-3p Primers
MPM00737	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7b-5p Primers
MPM00738	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7d-3p Primers
MPM00742	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7d-5p Primers
MPM00743	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7e-3p Primers
MPM00744	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7e-5p Primers
MPM00745	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7f-5p Primers
MPM00748	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7g-3p Primers
MPM00749	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7g-5p Primers
MPM00750	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7i-3p Primers
MPM00751	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7i-5p Primers
MPM00752	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

rno-let-7a-5p Primers
MPR00307	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

rno-let-7b-3p Primers
MPR00308	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

rno-let-7b-5p Primers
MPR00309	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

rno-let-7d-3p Primers
MPR00313	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

rno-let-7d-5p Primers
MPR00314	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

rno-let-7e-3p Primers
MPR00315	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

rno-let-7e-5p Primers
MPR00316	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

rno-let-7f-5p Primers
MPR00319	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

rno-let-7g-3p Primers
MPR00320	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

rno-let-7g-5p Primers
MPR00321	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

rno-let-7i-3p Primers
MPR00322	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

rno-let-7i-5p Primers
MPR00323	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

Dinitrophenyl (DNP)-HSA protein Conjugate
AV-9330-HSA	Alpha Diagnostics	10 mg	EUR 343.2

hsa-let-7c Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit
20-abx097605	Abbexa	EUR 878.40 EUR 1245.60 EUR 627.60	100 rxns 200 rxns 50 rxns

hsa-let-7a miRNA Antagomir
MNH01000	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7b miRNA Antagomir
MNH01004	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7d miRNA Antagomir
MNH01010	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7e miRNA Antagomir
MNH01013	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7f miRNA Antagomir
MNH01016	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7g miRNA Antagomir
MNH01020	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7i miRNA Antagomir
MNH01023	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7a miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01000	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7b miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01004	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7d miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01010	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7e miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01013	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7g miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01020	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7i miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01023	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

pLL3.7- Hsa- Let- 7a- 1miRNA
PVT10410	Lifescience Market	2 ug	EUR 361.2

mmu-let-7a-1-3p Primers
MPM00734	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7a-2-3p Primers
MPM00735	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7f-1-3p Primers
MPM00746	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

mmu-let-7f-2-3p Primers
MPM00747	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

rno-let-7a-2-3p Primers
MPR00306	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

rno-let-7f-1-3p Primers
MPR00317	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

rno-let-7f-2-3p Primers
MPR00318	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

rno-let-7a-1-3p Primers
MPR00878	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7a-3p miRNA Antagomir
MNH01002	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7a-5p miRNA Antagomir
MNH01003	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7b-3p miRNA Antagomir
MNH01005	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7b-5p miRNA Antagomir
MNH01006	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7d-3p miRNA Antagomir
MNH01011	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7d-5p miRNA Antagomir
MNH01012	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7e-3p miRNA Antagomir
MNH01014	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7e-5p miRNA Antagomir
MNH01015	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7f-5p miRNA Antagomir
MNH01019	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7g-3p miRNA Antagomir
MNH01021	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7g-5p miRNA Antagomir
MNH01022	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7i-3p miRNA Antagomir
MNH01024	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7i-5p miRNA Antagomir
MNH01025	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7a-3p miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01002	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7a-5p miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01003	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7b-3p miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01005	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7b-5p miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01006	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7d-3p miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01011	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7d-5p miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01012	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7e-3p miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01014	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7e-5p miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01015	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7f-5p miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01019	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7g-3p miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01021	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7g-5p miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01022	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7i-3p miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01024	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7i-5p miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01025	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

Mouse pre-microRNA Expression Construct let-7b
MMIR-let-7b-PA-1	SBI	Bacterial Streak	EUR 820.8

Mouse pre-microRNA Expression Construct let-7d
MMIR-let-7d-PA-1	SBI	Bacterial Streak	EUR 820.8

Mouse pre-microRNA Expression Construct let-7e
MMIR-let-7e-PA-1	SBI	Bacterial Streak	EUR 820.8

Mouse pre-microRNA Expression Construct let-7g
MMIR-let-7g-PA-1	SBI	Bacterial Streak	EUR 820.8

hsa-let-7a RT-PCR Detection Kit
20-abx096015	Abbexa	EUR 644.40 EUR 878.40 EUR 477.60	100 rxns 200 rxns 50 rxns

hsa-let-7b RT-PCR Detection Kit
20-abx096016	Abbexa	EUR 644.40 EUR 878.40 EUR 477.60	100 rxns 200 rxns 50 rxns

hsa-let-7d RT-PCR Detection Kit
20-abx096018	Abbexa	EUR 644.40 EUR 878.40 EUR 477.60	100 rxns 200 rxns 50 rxns

hsa-let-7e RT-PCR Detection Kit
20-abx096019	Abbexa	EUR 644.40 EUR 878.40 EUR 477.60	100 rxns 200 rxns 50 rxns

hsa-let-7f RT-PCR Detection Kit
20-abx096020	Abbexa	EUR 644.40 EUR 878.40 EUR 477.60	100 rxns 200 rxns 50 rxns

hsa-let-7g RT-PCR Detection Kit
20-abx096021	Abbexa	EUR 644.40 EUR 878.40 EUR 477.60	100 rxns 200 rxns 50 rxns

hsa-let-7i RT-PCR Detection Kit
20-abx096022	Abbexa	EUR 644.40 EUR 878.40 EUR 477.60	100 rxns 200 rxns 50 rxns

hsa-let-7f RT-PCR Detection Kit
20-abx096023	Abbexa	EUR 644.40 EUR 878.40 EUR 477.60	100 rxns 200 rxns 50 rxns

hsa-let-7a RT-PCR Primer Set
abx096769-1nmol	Abbexa	1 nmol	EUR 343.2

hsa-let-7b RT-PCR Primer Set
abx096770-1nmol	Abbexa	1 nmol	EUR 343.2

hsa-let-7d RT-PCR Primer Set
abx096772-1nmol	Abbexa	1 nmol	EUR 343.2

hsa-let-7e RT-PCR Primer Set
abx096773-1nmol	Abbexa	1 nmol	EUR 343.2

hsa-let-7f RT-PCR Primer Set
abx096774-1nmol	Abbexa	1 nmol	EUR 343.2

hsa-let-7g RT-PCR Primer Set
abx096775-1nmol	Abbexa	1 nmol	EUR 343.2

hsa-let-7i RT-PCR Primer Set
abx096776-1nmol	Abbexa	1 nmol	EUR 343.2

hsa-let-7f RT-PCR Primer Set
abx096777-1nmol	Abbexa	1 nmol	EUR 343.2

hsa-let-7a-2-3p miRNA Antagomir
MNH01001	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7f-1-3p miRNA Antagomir
MNH01017	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7f-2-3p miRNA Antagomir
MNH01018	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 394.8

hsa-let-7a-2-3p miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01001	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7f-1-3p miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01017	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

hsa-let-7f-2-3p miRNA Inhibitor
MIH01018	ABM	2 x 5.0 nmol	EUR 211.2

115-7C
20-abx076785	Abbexa	EUR 994.80 EUR 410.40	25 mg 5 mg

hsa-miR-4494 Primers
MPH02723	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-miR-4495 Primers
MPH02724	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-miR-4496 Primers
MPH02725	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

hsa-miR-4497 Primers
MPH02726	ABM	150 ul / 10 uM	EUR 145.2

The main aspects of forming the current distribution of taxa involved in the colonization of the island, especially the new habitat and inter-island colonization habitat are largely the same, with Gran Canaria and Tenerife as a major source of diversification and further colonization events. Pedrosia part is the most diverse in terms of the events of colonization, the number of species and habitat heterogeneity, including events in back-colonization of the continent. Subdivision in Pedrosia radiated into diverse habitats recently (late Pleistocene, ca 0.23 to 0.29 Ma) and additional molecular markers and sampling will be necessary to understand the events of the most latest deployment of this group in the Canary Islands and the Cape Verde.